What is H. Pylori Infection?
H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine). Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacterium that causes chronic inflammation (gastritis) in the stomach and duodenum, by invading the lining of the stomach. It is the most common cause of stomach ulcers (peptic ulcers disease). H. pylori can also inflame and irritate the stomach lining (gastritis). Untreated, long-term H. pylori infection can lead to stomach cancer.
Risk Factors for H. pylori Infection
H. pylori infection is more common in certain populations and environments, with various factors influencing who is at greater risk.
- Prevalence: H. pylori bacteria are present in over 50% of the world’s population.
- Higher Risk Areas: Its more common in developing countries and among low socioeconomic status.
- Age Group: H. pylori infection mostly occurs in children.
- Environmental Factors: Infection is more likely to occur in living places with which is overcrowding, areas with poor sanitation/ hygiene, areas without a reliable supply of clean water, and also living with someone who has an H. pylori infection.
How does H. Pylori infection spread?
H.pylori infection spreads through various means, primarily involving contact with contaminated substances or individuals.
- Person-to-Person Transmission: Usually transmitted from person to person through direct contact with saliva, vomit or stool.
- Contaminated Food or Water: Spread through contaminated food or water.
- Unsafe Food Handling: Eating food that was not cleaned or cooked in a safe way
- Unsafe Drinking Water: Drinking water that is infected with the bacteria
How does H. pylori infection cause damage?
H. pylori are adapted to live in the harsh, acidic environment of the stomach. The bacteria secrete an enzyme called urease that converts urea to ammonia. This ammonia protects the bacteria from stomach acid. It neutralizes stomach acids and this eventually makes the stomach cells more vulnerable to the harsh acids. The spiral shape of H. pylori allows them to penetrate the stomach lining, where they’re protected by mucus. These together irritate the stomach lining which leads to gastritis and/or gastric ulcer.
Complications and Symptoms
H. pylori infection can lead to several complications if left untreated. These include gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), ulcers in the stomach or duodenum, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue), and an increased risk of stomach cancer, including gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma.
Most individuals with H. pylori infection have few or no symptoms. However, some may experience mild gastritis symptoms, such as a dull or burning pain that occurs more often a few hours after eating. This pain may last minutes to hours and can come and go for several days to weeks. It may also occur in the middle of the night when the stomach is empty and usually goes away when you eat or take medicines that reduce your stomach acid (antacids). Additional symptoms include frequent belching or burping, bloating, abdominal discomfort or dull aching pain, heartburn, nausea and vomiting, and reduced appetite or unexplained weight loss.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Several tests and procedures are used to determine whether you have H. pylori infection. Repeat testing after treatment is important to be sure H. pylori is gone. These diagnostic tests include the Urea breath test. In this test, you exhale into a bag before and after drinking a solution. The test measures the amount of carbon dioxide released in your breath before and after drinking the solution. A higher level after drinking the solution means H. pylori are present. A Blood test (H.pylori antibody) check for antibodies that fight against the bacteria H. pylori while a Stool test looks for evidence of H. pylori in a stool sample. Another test, the Upper endoscopy (OGDS) involves inserting a flexible tube is inserted down the throat into the stomach where a small tissue sample from the stomach or intestine lining is taken for testing for the presence of H. pylori.
The recommended regime for H. pylori infections usually contains a combination of at least 2 different antibiotics and 1 acid-reducing proton pump inhibitor. Combination therapy is usually given for 7 to 14 days. Repeat Urea breath test at least 4 weeks after treatment. If the tests show the treatment didn’t get rid of the infection, you may need more treatment with a different combination of antibiotics. The standard eradication triple therapy includes:
- Antibiotics: usually two antibiotics are prescribed, helps prevent the bacteria from developing a resistance to one particular antibiotic.
- Proton pump inhibitor: stop acid from being produced in the stomach.
- Bismuth subsalicylate: coating the ulcer and protecting it from stomach acid.
How can I prevent H. pylori infection?
Having good health hygiene can help keep you safe. These habits include:
- Washing your hands thoroughly with soap and clean, running water. It is very important to do this after using the bathroom and before eating.
- Making sure all food you eat has been cleaned and cooked safely.
- Making sure that your drinking water is safe and clean.
Protect Your Stomach Health with Early Detection and Expert Care
In conclusion, H. pylori infection is a widespread bacterial infection that can significantly affect your stomach health, leading to complications like ulcers and even stomach cancer if left untreated. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and available treatments is vital for effective prevention and management. By maintaining good hygiene practices and seeking prompt medical attention when symptoms arise, you can reduce your risk of developing severe health issues associated with this infection.
At GHHS Healthcare, we offer comprehensive health screening services that include tests for H. pylori infection. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications like gastritis, ulcers, and even stomach cancer. Our professional medical team is here to guide you through the process with accurate diagnostics and effective treatment plans. Take charge of your stomach health today by scheduling a health screening with us. Your well-being is our priority. Contact us now for more information and to book your screening.
By,
Dr. Corine Chua
MBBS (Mahsa)
Resident Medical Officer
GHHS Healthcare Center
